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Clear differences between the two brachiocephalic veins concern the inferior thyroid vein, the thymic veins and the left superior intercostal vein with tributaries.

Usually, there is only one inferior thyroid vein.

The Vena intercostalis suprema drains blood from the first intercostal space to the brachiocephalic vein on both sides.

The retromandibular vein has anterior and posterior divisions. The anterior division joins the facial vein to form the common facial vein, whereas the posterior division joins the posterior auricula vein to form the external jugular vein.

New tributaries added, based on Gray’s Anatomy (38th ed, 1995) and Kachlik et al. (2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

The pattern of tributaries to the azygos vein is highly variable (Luzsa G 1972 Röntgenanatomie des Gefäßsystems. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest; Rickenbacher et al. 1982 von Lanz/Wa\chsmuth Rücken. Springer, Berlin).

The right superior intercostal vein drains the second and third (and fourth) right posterior intercostal veins to the azygos vein.

Usually, the Vena hemiazygos receives the left 9th-11th posterior intercostal veins. In TA2, they are grouped together as Venae intercostales posteriores sinistrae inferiores.

Highly variable, may even drain to the left brachiocephalic vein; usually, it receives the left 4th -8th posterior intercostal veins. In TA2, its tributaries are grouped together as Venae intercostales posteriores sinistrae mediae.

According to NA3/4 and other sources, the first and second right lumbar veins drain to the Vena lumbalis ascendens dextra, the third and fourth to the inferior vena cava, and the fifth, synonym for the Vena iliolumbalis dextra, to the right common iliac vein. These are replaced to their proper place.

The anterior division of the retromandibular vein joins the facial vein to form what commonly is termed the common facial vein.

The posterior division of the retromandibular vein joins the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein.

The supreme intercostal vein drains to the left brachiocephalic vein, the second and third right posterior intercostal veins to the right superior intercostal vein.

According to NA3/4 and other sources, the first and second left lumbar veins drain to the Vena lumbalis ascendens sinistra, the third and fourth to the inferior vena cava, and the fifth, synonym for the Vena iliolumbalis sinistra, to the left common iliac vein. These are replaced to their proper place.

The Genu vasculosum is a dorsal extension of the plexus pterygoideus (Zenker 1956 Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch 119:375-388; Smeele 1988 Acta Anat (Basel) 131:338-341).

The arcus venosus xiphoideus is a common venous arch connecting both internal thoracic veins across the midline at the level of the xiphosternal symphysis (Loukas et al. 2007 Folia Morphol (Warsz) 66:25-32).

A variable vein passing through the incisura scapulae, draining to the suprascapular vein (Podgorski et al. 2014 Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 100:515-519; Al-Redouan et al. 2020 Ann Anat 2020:151593).

Under pathological conditions, such as hypertension in one of the venae cavae, anastomoses cavocavales ( venovenous ‘bypasses’) open to relieve hypertension. The following groups can be distinguished (Luzsa G 1972 Röntgenanatomie des Gefäßsystems. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest; Kachlik et al. 2021 Bosn J Basic Med Sci 21:208-220).

Between tributaries of the superficial epigastric veins and those of the thoracoepigastiv veins within the subcutaneous layer of the anterolateral body wall.

Between tributaries of the inferior epigastric veins and those of the superior epigastric veins within the rectus abdominis muscle.

Between tributaries of the lumbar veins and those of the ascending lumbar veins draining into the azygos and hemiazygos veins

Between tributaries of the vertebral venous plexuses, extending along the vertebral column and within the vertebral canal.

The anterior division of the retromandibular vein joins the facial vein to form what commonly is termed the common facial vein.